In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactant. The number of collisions between reactants and catalyst is at a maximum.In a patent, 177-11-7, name is 1,4-Dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane, introducing its new discovery. name: 1,4-Dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane
A process for preparation of amides from unactivated esters and amines has been developed using a catalytic system comprised of group (IV) metal alkoxides in conjunction with additives including 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt). In general, ester-amide exchange proceeds using a variety of structurally diverse esters and amines without azeotropic reflux to remove the alcohol byproduct. Initial mechanistic studies on the Zr(Ot-Bu)4-HOAt system revealed that the active catalyst is a novel, dimeric zirconium complex as determined by X-ray crystallography.
The proportionality constant is the rate constant for the particular unimolecular reaction. the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant. I hope my blog about 177-11-7 is helpful to your research. name: 1,4-Dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane
Reference：
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Piperidine | C5H7743N – PubChem