Agricultural contaminants in amphibian breeding ponds: Occurrence, risk and correlation with agricultural land use was written by Goessens, T.;De Baere, S.;Deknock, A.;De Troyer, N.;Van Leeuwenberg, R.;Martel, A.;Pasmans, F.;Goethals, P.;Lens, L.;Spanoghe, P.;Vanhaecke, L.;Croubels, S.. And the article was included in Science of the Total Environment in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 6-Fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid This article mentions the following:
Anthropogenic pressure such as agricultural pollution globally affects amphibian populations. In this study, a total of 178 different compounds from five agrochem. groups (i.e. antimicrobial drugs residues (ADRs), coccidiostats and anthelmintics, heavy metals, mycotoxins and pesticides) were determined monthly, from March until June 2019 in 26 amphibian breeding ponds in Flanders, Belgium. Furthermore, a possible correlation between the number and concentration of selected contaminants that were found and the percentage of arable land within a 200 m radius was studied. Within each group, the highest detected concentrations were obtained for 4-epioxytetracycline (0.422μg L-1), levamisole (0.550μg L-1), zinc (333.1μg L-1), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (0.013μg L-1), and terbuthylazine (38.7μg L-1), resp., with detection frequencies ranging from 1 (i.e. 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol) to 26 (i.e. zinc) out of 26 ponds. Based on reported acute and chronic ecotoxicol. endpoints, detected concentrations of bifenthrin, cadmium, copper, cypermethrin, hexachlorobenzene, mercury, terbuthylazine, and zinc pose a substantial ecol. risk to aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, which both play a role in the food web and potentially in amphibian disease dynamics. Addnl., the detected concentrations of copper were high enough to exert chronic toxicity in the gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor). The number of detected compounds per pond ranged between 0 and 5 (ADRs), 0 – 2 (coccidiostats and anthelmintics), 1 – 7 (heavy metals), 0 – 4 (mycotoxins), and 0 – 12 (pesticides) across the four months. Furthermore, no significant correlation was demonstrated between the number of detected compounds per pond, as well as the detected concentrations of 4-epioxytetracycline, levamisole, copper, zinc, enniatin B and terbuthylazine, and the percentage of arable land within a 200 m radius. For heavy metals and pesticides, the number of compounds per pond varied significantly between months. Conclusively, amphibian breeding ponds in Flanders were frequently contaminated with agrochems., yielding concentrations up to the high μg per L level, regardless of the percentage surrounding arable land, however showing temporal variation for heavy metals and pesticides. This research also identifies potential hazardous substances which may be added to the European watch list (CD 2018/408/EC) in the future. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (cas: 98105-99-8Application In Synthesis of 6-Fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid).
6-Fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (cas: 98105-99-8) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine causes primary dermal irritation and skin burns at high concentrations. Piperazine also causes eye irritation in humans. Two common salts in the form of which piperazine is usually prepared for pharmaceutical or veterinary purposes are the citrate, 3C4H10N2.2C6H8O7 (i.e. containing 3 molecules of piperazine to 2 molecules of citric acid), and the adipate, C4H10N2.C6H10O4 (containing 1 molecule each of piperazine and adipic acid).Application In Synthesis of 6-Fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics