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The dithiolopyrrolone (DTP) natural products contain a unique ene-disulfide that is essential for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The ene-disulfide in some DTPs is oxidized to a cyclic thiosulfonate, but it is unknown how the DTP thiosulfonates react with biomolecules. We studied the reactivity of the thiosulfonate derivative of the DTP holomycin, oxo-holomycin, and discovered a unique redox reaction: Oxo-holomycin is reduced to its parent disulfide, while oxidizing small molecule and protein thiols to disulfides. Our work reveals that the DTP core is a privileged scaffold that undergoes unusual redox chemistry. The redox chemistry of the DTP natural products may contribute to their mechanism of action.

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Reference:
Piperidine – Wikipedia,
Piperidine | C5H9574N – PubChem

 

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Reactions of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) with their corresponding thiols (RSH) present in a large excess (>20-fold) proceed readily to give the disulfide. Ammonia is formed together with some nitrite anion, and these constitute >90% of the ‘nitrogen’ products. This is in marked contrast with the reaction at low thiol concentration, where nitric oxide is the major initial ‘nitrogen’ product, which is rapidly converted in the presence of oxygen in water to nitrite anion. Also in marked contrast to the ‘low thiol concentration’ reaction, the reaction at high thiol concentration is not affected by added Cu2+, nor by the metal-ion scavenger EDTA. Kinetically all reactions were excellent first-order processes, and the reactions were also strictly first order in thiol concentration. A large range of nitrosothiols were studied and the generality of the reaction established. Some reactions of RSNO with other thiols (R’SH) were examined and the results readily interpreted in terms of a prior rapid equilibrium transnitrosation. The pH dependence for the reaction of S-nitrosocysteine with cysteine clearly showed that the reactive species is the cysteine thiolate anion. The results are discussed along with those of two other recent reports of these reactions, in terms of thiolate attack initially at the nitroso nitrogen atom, and subsequently at sulfur atoms, eliminating RSSR and yielding hydroxylamine, which is rapidly reduced by thiolate ion to ammonia. The results are also discussed in connection with the release of NO from nitrosothiols and with the important biological consequences, both for the in vivo reactions of NO and for the potential of nitrosothiols as NO-releasing drags for medical use.

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Piperidine – Wikipedia,
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Glutathione and other intracellular low molecular mass thiols act both as the major endogenous antioxidant and redox buffer system and, as recently highlighted, as an important regulator of cellular homeostasis. Such cellular functions are mediated by protein thiolation, a newly recognized post-translational modification which involves the formation of mixed disulfides between GSH and key disulfide-linked Cys residues in the native protein structure. It is also well known that thiol-seeking heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium and lead, may interfere in this regulatory system, thus disrupting the cellular functioning. To identify such mixed disulfides in order to investigate their biological role, 15 homo- and heterodimeric disulfides were prepared by air oxidation of binary mixtures containing cysteine, homocysteine, penicillamine, N-acetylcysteine, N-acetylpenicillamine and glutathione and their protonated molecules were characterized by mass spectrometry. Collisionally activated unimolecular decomposition of protonated homo- and heterodimeric disulfides generated by electrospray ionization gives rise to fission of the disulfide system both between the two sulfur atoms and across the C-S bonds, to yield structurally specific fragments which allow one to define the structure of the compounds and to discriminate between isomeric compounds. Fission between the sulfur atoms yields a pair of R-S? ions and, in some cases, also the complementary fragments corresponding to the protonated amino acids. Fission across the C-S bonds mainly occurs in the disulfides of N-acetylcysteine and N-acetylpenicillamine and gives rise to non-S-containing fragments formally similar to those obtained from some mercapturic acids. The complementary fragments, formally connected as R-S-S+ ions are also observed. Fragmentation of glutathione disulfides mainly shows the characteristic loss of the terminal gamma-linked glutamic acid and little, if any, fragmentation of the disulfide system. Copyright

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Reference:
Piperidine – Wikipedia,
Piperidine | C5H9592N – PubChem

 

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N,N’-diacetyl-L-cystine (DiNAC), the disulphide dimer of N-acetylcysteine, inhibits atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits: evidence for immunomodulatory agents as a new approach to prevent atherosclerosis.

Oxidation of lipoprotein-derived lipids is generally accepted to be important in atherogenesis, and lipophilic antioxidants have been suggested as potential antiatherosclerotic agents. The antiatherogenic effects observed by certain antioxidants, especially probucol, in different animal models support this suggestion. There are however also cases where other lipophilic antioxidants have not been able to support this hypothesis. This has raised the question whether the effects of probucol and similar compounds are mainly due to some other property, unrelated to their antioxidant efficacy. For example, probucol is shown to possess immunomodulatory properties. Immune reactions are known to occur during atherogenesis. We therefore tested the dimer of N-acetylcysteine, DiNAC, which is a disulfide with immunomodulating properties and enhances oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity (CS) reactions in mice, for effects on atherosclerosis. When given to male heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit (WHHL) rabbits from 10 to 22 weeks of age, this compound reduced by 50% thoracic aorta atherosclerosis (p < 0.05), without affecting plasma lipid levels. Here we also show that probucol and a close chemical analog, both known to prevent atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits, enhance the CS reaction in mice, while two other related antioxidants did not affect the CS reaction. At least one of these is also without effect on atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits. The results show that DiNAC might represent a new treatment modality for atherosclerosis-related disease, and suggest that some antioxidants may have antiatherosclerotic properties more related to "immunomodulatory" properties than to antioxidant properties in general. Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law.956109-56-1. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 956109-56-1

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Piperidine – Wikipedia,
Piperidine | C5H9581N – PubChem

 

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Insights into the reactivity of gold-dithiocarbamato anticancer agents toward model biomolecules by using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy

Some gold(III)-dithiocarbamato derivatives of either single amino acids or oligopeptides have shown promise as potential anticancer agents, but their capability to interact with biologically relevant macromolecules is still poorly understood. We investigated the affinity of the representative complex [Au IIIBr2(dtc-Sar-OCH3)] (dtc: dithiocarbamate; Sar: sarcosine (N-methylglycine)) with selected model molecules for histidine-, methionine-, and cysteine-rich proteins (that is, 1-methylimidazole, dimethylsulfide, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine, respectively). In particular, detailed mono- and multinuclear NMR studies, in combination with multiple 13C/15N enrichments, allowed interactions to be followed over time and indicated somewhat unexpected reaction pathways. Whereas dimethylsulfide proved to be unreactive, a sudden multistep redox reaction occurred in the presence of the other potential sulfur donor, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (confirmed if glutathione was used instead). On the other hand, 1-methylimidazole underwent an unprecedented acid-base reaction with the gold(III) complex, rather than the expected coordination to the metal center by replacing, for instance, a bromide. Our results are discussed herein and compared with the data available in the literature on related complexes; our findings confirm that the peculiar reactivity of gold(III)-dithiocarbamato complexes can lead to novel reaction pathways and, therefore, to new cytotoxic mechanisms in cancer cells. To react or not to react? Model nitrogen- and sulfur-donor compounds can be treated with a representative gold(III)- dithiocarbamato anticancer agent to evaluate potential reactivity of such anticancer agents toward biomolecules (see figure). Detailed NMR studies show that the interaction with physiologically relevant species can lead to unexpected reaction pathways that may contribute to the novel mechanisms of cytotoxicity observed for this class of complexes. Copyright

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. COA of Formula: C6H13ClN2O, If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 956109-56-1, in my other articles.

Reference£º
Piperidine – Wikipedia,
Piperidine | C5H9576N – PubChem