In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactant. The number of collisions between reactants and catalyst is at a maximum.In a patent, 142374-19-4, name is tert-Butyl 4-(2-oxoethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate, introducing its new discovery. Safety of tert-Butyl 4-(2-oxoethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
A highly efficient catalyst system for base-free catalytic Wittig reactions has been developed and optimized. Initially, several potential (pre)catalysts as well as different silanes as reducing agents were screened. A system based on a readily available phosphine oxide as precatalyst and trimethoxy silane as reducing agent proved to be optimal. The effect of various Br°nsted acidic additives was studied. Subsequently, the reaction conditions were optimized and standard reaction conditions were determined. Under these conditions the scope of this new protocol was evaluated. Nine activated olefins and 33 aldehydes were converted into 42 highly functionalized alkenes. Notably, aromatic, aliphatic as well as heteroaromatic aldehydes could be converted, giving the desired products in isolated yields up to 99 % and with good to excellent E/Z selectivities. These results underline the remarkable efficiency of this protocol considering the complexity of the reaction mixture and the four reaction steps that proceed in parallel in one pot.
The proportionality constant is the rate constant for the particular unimolecular reaction. the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant. I hope my blog about 142374-19-4 is helpful to your research. Safety of tert-Butyl 4-(2-oxoethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
Reference：
Piperidine – Wikipedia,
Piperidine | C5H18182N – PubChem